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In its latest monthly column for pv magazine , the International Energy Agencys Photovoltaic Energy Systems Programme (IEA-PVPS) offers a detailed look at the latest edition of its report, Dual Land Uses for Agriculture and Solar Power Production: Overview and Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems. This 91-page handbook was developed by Task 13 of the IEA PVPS. A new report from Task 13 of the International Energy Agency’s Photovoltaics Systems Programme (IEA-PVPS), entitled “ Dual Land Use for Agriculture and Solar Power Production: Overview and Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems, ” presents a compelling vision of how solar energy and agriculture can not only coexist, but thrive together. With increasing pressure to decarbonize the energy system without sacrificing arable land or biodiversity, agrivoltaics is emerging as a crucial avenue for sustainable development. One solution for two crises Agrivoltaics, which combines photovoltaic (PV) systems with agricultural activities on the same land, addresses two critical challenges: the demand for clean energy and the preservation of fertile soils. While ground-based PV installations often face criticism for occupying agricultural land, this practice offers a mutually beneficial alternative. The report highlights that agrivoltaics can increase agricultural resilience to climate change, protecting crops from extreme events, improving water retention, and even creating habitats that promote biodiversity. This dual functionality makes it especially relevant in a context of more intense climate events and population growth. Global trends and technological diversity From compact elevated systems in Japan, tailored to horticulture, to large open-air installations in the US focused on grazing land and pollinators, the report highlights the enormous potential for agrivoltaic applications. By 2021, global capacity has grown from just 5 MWp in 2012 to 14 GWp, driven by government policies in countries such as France, Germany, Italy, and China. Configurations vary significantly: elevated systems, mid-space PV, and greenhouse integrations all offer unique advantages and challenges. Since farming practices differ across regions, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Therefore, the report emphasizes the importance of adapting designs to crop types and the local climate. Definitions and clarifications A key finding of the report is the complexity of integrating two very distinct sectors: agriculture and energy. This convergence requires constant communication and collaboration. Given their rapid growth and the involvement of multiple actors with potentially divergent objectives, harmonizing definitions and clarifying goals is a critical first step. Terms like solar sharing, agrivoltaics, and agrisolar are used interchangeably, but the consensus is that agrivoltaics is the primary term. However, definitions still vary across countries, a problem that needs to be resolved. Moreover, perceptions differ: some actors see it as an energy-focused innovation, while others prioritize its agricultural potential. To reconcile these views, the report emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary platforms, interdisciplinary research, and transparent evaluation criteria. Modeling and simulation tools To maximize efficiency, it is crucial to model and simulate agricultural and photovoltaic performance before installing systems. From radiation and shading analysis to crop productivity and soil hydrology models, these tools make it possible to predict interactions between PV panels and agricultural activities. However, complexity increases when considering geography, crop type, and local climate, so integrated tools that combine these variables are required. Key performance indicators (KPIs) The report proposes an evaluation framework with key indicators: Land Equivalent Ratio (LER): Measures the combined productivity of agriculture and energy versus their performance on separate lands. Specific efficiency (kWh/kW): Evaluates electrical productivity per installed PV capacity. Water Productivity (WP): Analyzes the efficiency of irrigation under solar panels. These KPIs allow for comparing synergies and trade-offs, facilitating decision-making. Operational challenges and monitoring Agrivoltaic systems require rigorous protocols due to the interdependencies between their components. For example, shading from panels can affect crops, while agricultural work could damage PV infrastructure. Therefore, monitoring must include: Agricultural and electrical performance. Microclimatic variables. Maintenance needs. Other challenges include increased complexity in operation and maintenance (O&M), risks in systems with livestock, and coordination between farmers and energy operators. The report recommends adaptive monitoring frameworks and continuous data analysis. Legal and socioeconomic aspects The regulatory framework remains fragmented. In countries such as France, Japan, and the United States, harmonized permitting processes and clear land-use classifications are lacking. Incentives also vary: some governments offer preferential tariffs or tax benefits, while others make no distinction between conventional PV and dual-use systems. The report advocates for performance-based policies that reward both energy generation and agricultural productivity. From a social perspective, agrivoltaics can revitalize rural areas by diversifying incomes and reducing climate vulnerability. However, its success depends on engaging local stakeholders from an early stage, especially farmers and landowners. Towards the future Agrivoltaics is a young sector with outstanding challenges, such as integrated modeling tools and long-term operational and maintenance uncertainties. However, the opportunities are immense: this approach could be key to meeting climate goals, preserving ecosystems, and sustaining agriculture in a warmer world. Future research and policies should focus on: Refine definitions and standards. Create performance-based incentives. Fund interdisciplinary studies. With optimized designs, robust monitoring, and collaboration, agrivoltaics can scale from pilot projects to mainstream solutions. In a context of increasing pressure on land use, this practice offers a hopeful model: one where solar panels not only generate energy but also help cultivate the land they occupy. |
